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<channel>
	<title>Software Analysis and Forensic Engineering &#187; copyright</title>
	<atom:link href="http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/tag/copyright/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog</link>
	<description>Software IP Blog from SAFE Corporation</description>
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			<item>
		<title>Multiprocessing CodeSuite-MP</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/09/01/multiprocessing-codesuite-mp/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/09/01/multiprocessing-codesuite-mp/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Sep 2010 23:54:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[expert witness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[forensic engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lawsuit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[litigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software plagiarism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[source code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret theft]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=146</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Learn about the multiprocessing version of CodeSuite.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Until now there were two ways of running really big jobs of CodeSuite. One was to simply run it and wait for as long as it took. Really large jobs can take as much as a week or two. The other option was to run the job on CodeGrid, our framework that distributes the job over a grid of networked computers. CodeGrid shows an almost linear speedup for each computer on the grid, but it requires someone to maintain the computers and the network and that can be a daunting job. Now there&#8217;s a third option;, CodeSuite-MP allows you to run multiple jobs on a single multicore computer. We&#8217;re seeing a near-linear speedup for the number of cores, and there&#8217;s no special maintenance required. We&#8217;re even seeing a near-linear speedup using virtual cores. If you want to get a license for CodeSuite-MP, contact our <a href="mailto:sales@SAFE-corp.biz?subject=CodeSuite-MP license">sales department</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The DMCA Exemptions</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/08/02/the-dmca-exemptions/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/08/02/the-dmca-exemptions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Aug 2010 04:19:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[DMCA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=144</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Digital Millennium Copyright Act specifically allows copying of protected works by researchers, libraries, nonprofits, and academic institutions. Also, the Librarian of Congress is required to issue exemptions every 3 years. The current exemptions, issued just last week are described here.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Digital Millennium Copyright Act has been praised by some, vilified by others. Many don&#8217;t know that the DMCA specifically allows copying of protected works by researchers, libraries, nonprofits, and academic institutions. Also, the Librarian of Congress is required to issue exemptions from the prohibition against circumvention of access-control technology when such technology prevents people from making non-infringing uses of copyrighted works. The current exemptions, issued just last week are described below. Note that all of these allowable uses assume that the person copying the work has purchased the work or has otherwise rightfully obtained it.</p>
<ol>
<li>To copy short portions of movie DVDs for the purpose of criticism or comment, specifically:
<ul>
<li>Educational uses</li>
<li>Documentary filmmaking</li>
<li>Noncommercial videos</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li> To enable computer programs that allow cell phones to run software applications written for other cell phones (known as &#8220;jailbreaking&#8221; or &#8220;rooting&#8221;).</li>
<li>To enable computer programs that allow used cell phones to connect to a phone network as long as it is authorized by the operator of the network.</li>
<li>To run video games on personal computers for the purpose of testing for, investigating, or correcting security flaws or vulnerabilities.</li>
<li>To bypass broken or obsolete dongles that prevent a program from running.</li>
<li>To enable an ebook&#8217;s read-aloud function or screen readers that convert the text into a specialized format.</li>
</ol>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Report Generator (RPG)</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/06/30/the-report-generator-rpg/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/06/30/the-report-generator-rpg/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 01 Jul 2010 06:10:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[expert witness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lawsuit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[litigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patent infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret theft]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=141</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Report Generator ("RPG") is a new program from SAFE that automatically generates draft expert reports and declarations for litigation.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Report Generator (&#8220;RPG&#8221;) is a new program from SAFE that automatically generates draft expert reports and declarations for litigation. Reports have several generic sections such as an expert&#8217;s experience and descriptions of the technologies involved in the examination, which can be shared amongst reports. By automating the compilation of the generic information into a formatted and structured draft report, the expert can focus on performing the analysis and writing the case-specific arguments.</p>
<p>When using the RPG, an expert selects the type of case, type of report, types of technologies involved, types of tools used, and expert background profiles from a GUI. Then a Microsoft Word draft report is generated that includes all of the selected generic information intermixed with blank sections where case-specific information should be filled in manually.</p>
<p>Currently, many experts either dig through their prior works to find specific descriptions or write them from scratch each time. Maintaining a library of generic report elements is a challenge, especially when multiple experts are involved. RPG acts as a version control system between multiple experts who can upload and download detailed descriptions of experts, technologies, and tools from a central server. The reports are generated according to specific formats, so an entire team of experts can easily produce reports that are consistently formatted with the most up-to-date descriptions.</p>
<p>RPG also keeps synced descriptions of CodeSuite, so it can include the most up-to-date descriptions and pricing of the tools without having to search the S.A.F.E. website or CodeSuite help files.</p>
<p>If you&#8217;re interested in trying out RPG, contact our <a href="mailto:sales@safe-corp.biz?subject=RPG trial">Sales Department</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>DUPE: Depository of Universal Plagiarism Examples</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/04/01/dupe-depository-of-universal-plagiarism-examples/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/04/01/dupe-depository-of-universal-plagiarism-examples/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Apr 2010 05:32:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[forensic engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[litigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reverse engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software plagiarism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[source code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[theft]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=118</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[SAFE Corporation is looking for partners in academia and industry to create a database of purposely plagiarized code to be known as the Depository of Universal Plagiarism Examples or DUPE. Plagiarism detection programs would be run on DUPE to determine which programs best detected copying. Statistics about plagiarized code would be gathered in order to improve the plagiarism detection programs.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In 2003 I created the CodeMatch program that very quickly became a de facto standard in software IP litigation. I created a test bench of purposely plagiarized code that could be used to independently and objectively compare the results produced by different plagiarism detection programs. Some in the academic community claimed that my tests were biased toward the algorithms used by CodeMatch, which explained why CodeMatch fared so well compared to the other programs. However, these same critics, despite my requests, never produced their own set of standard tests.</p>
<p>Although I believe that the standard tests I have used are not biased, it occurred to me that there could be a better way to eliminate even unintentional bias. The solution would be to take the source code for certain open source programs and announce a new open source project that would involve purposely plagiarizing the code. Programmers from around the world would be invited, perhaps in a competition, to change the source code while retaining the functionality. The original programs and the plagiarized versions submitted from others would be stored in a database known as the Depository of Universal Plagiarism Examples or DUPE. Plagiarism detection programs would then be run on DUPE and comparisons of the results could be made to determine which programs best detected copying. Also, important statistics about plagiarized code could be determined, as well as patterns identified in order to improve the plagiarism detection programs.</p>
<p>SAFE Corporation has begun looking into creating this database. However, we realize that we would like to work with partners in academia and industry. We believe that there are several key issues that need to be resolved in creating DUPE. These are:</p>
<ol>
<li>Choosing appropriate open source projects.</li>
<li>Creating a minimum definition of software plagiarism.</li>
<li>Creating the database.</li>
<li>Determining policies including who can access it, how it will be used, and who will maintain it.</li>
<li>Determining how to run the tests, how to generate the results, and how to distribute the results.</li>
</ol>
<p>Please contact me if you&#8217;re interested in working on this important and groundbreaking project.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Interesting software IP cases of 2009</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/01/01/interesting-software-ip-cases-of-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2010/01/01/interesting-software-ip-cases-of-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 20:52:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[forensic engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lawsuit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[litigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[object code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patent infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reverse engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software plagiarism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[source code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret theft]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=108</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There were a number of large lawsuits involving software IP in 2009. We know that CodeSuite was used in many of them (because of protective orders, we don't know all the cases where CodeSuite was used).]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here is my list of the most interesting software IP cases of 2009,<br />
in chronological order:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2009/02/ca_and_rocket_s.html" target="_blank">CA and Rocket Software reach settlement</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.smartcompany.com.au/Free-Articles/The-Briefing/20090213-Facebook-founder-paid-100-million-to-settle-theft-claims.html" target="_blank">Facebook founder paid $100 million to settle theft claims</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/022309-fired-workers-steal-data.html" target="_blank">More than half of booted workers steal data on way out, survey finds</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9132585/Swedish_man_indicted_in_2004_Cisco_code_theft" target="_blank">Swedish man indicted in 2004 Cisco code theft</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blogs.computerworld.com/cisco_makes_peace_with_free_software_foundation" target="_blank">Cisco makes peace with Free Software Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/06/16/facebook-loses-lawsuit-against-german-clone-studivz/" target="_blank">Facebook loses lawsuit against German clone StudiVZ</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.newsfactor.com/news/China-Down-on-Blocking-Software/story.xhtml?story_id=101009A6LNWO" target="_blank">China backs down on installing blocking software</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.qj.net/psp/news/iphone-game-accused-of-plagiarizing-flow.html" target="_blank">iPhone game accused of plagiarizing flOw</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.itnews.com.au/News/149473,programmer-accused-of-stealing-goldman-sachs-source-code.aspx" target="_blank">Programmer accused of stealing Goldman Sachs source code</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finextra.com/fullstory.asp?id=20263" target="_blank">UBS files code theft lawsuit</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ip.law360.com/registrations/user_registration?article_id=118326&amp;concurrency_check=false" target="_blank">10th Circuit strips Novell of Unix copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&amp;sid=aHuC3.K7Dclo" target="_blank">Skype&#8217;s founders sue EBay over copyright infringement</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.theiphoneblog.com/2009/10/23/stoneloops-jurassica-pulled-app-store-due-copyright-complaint/" target="_blank">StoneLoops! of Jurassica pulled from App Store due to copyright complaint?</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.withinwindows.com/2009/11/06/microsoft-lifts-gpl-code-uses-in-microsoft-store-tool/" target="_blank">Microsoft lifts GPL code, uses in Microsoft Store tool</a></li>
<li><a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-10397876-37.html" target="_blank">Judge rules for Apple in Psystar case</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.precentral.net/copyright-infringement-lawsuit-filed-against-palm" target="_blank">Copyright infringement lawsuit filed against Palm </a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/symantec-wins-545-million-opinion-in-tax-case-2009-12-10" target="_blank">Symantec wins $545 million decision in federal tax case</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2357122,00.asp" target="_blank">Best Buy, JVC, Samsung, more hit with lawsuit</a></li>
<li><a href="http://windowsitpro.com/windowspaulthurrott/article/articleid/103305/microsoft-joint-venture-in-china-plagiarizes-competitor.html" target="_blank">Microsoft joint venture in China plagiarizes competitor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Data-Storage/Seagate-Misappropriated-Convolve-Technology-Says-ExEmployee-569615/" target="_blank">Seagate misappropriated Convolve technology, says ex-employee</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>SAFE Corporation is looking for great ideas</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2009/12/02/safe-corporation-is-looking-for-great-ideas/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2009/12/02/safe-corporation-is-looking-for-great-ideas/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2009 04:49:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CLOC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[forensic engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lines of code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[litigation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[object code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patent]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patent infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reverse engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software plagiarism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[source code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[theft]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade secret theft]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[valuation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=99</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[If you have a research idea relating to code analysis, and you can use the SAFE tools, let us know. If your proposal passes our review process you'll get free licenses to our tools, free support, and help getting your results published.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There are a lot of unanswered questions about source code, and we want to work with you to figure them out. We realize that currently accepted algorithms for analyzing, comparing, and measuring source code leave a lot to be desired in many cases. Also, there are a lot of techniques that have never been studied on large bodies of modern code. For example, measurement techniques developed in the 1970s were probably tested on assembly languages and older programming languages like BASIC, FORTRAN, and COBOL. Do they still hold on modern object oriented languages like Java and C#?</p>
<p>If you have a research idea relating to code analysis, and you can use the SAFE tools, let us know. Email <a href="mailto:larry@SAFE-corp.biz">Larry Melling</a>, VP of Sales and Marketing with your ideas. If they pass our review process you&#8217;ll get free licenses to our tools, free support, and help getting your results published. This could be the beginning of a beautiful friendship.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>When is reverse engineering OK?</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2009/08/31/when-is-reverse-engineering-ok/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2009/08/31/when-is-reverse-engineering-ok/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2009 20:56:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright infringement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reverse engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software plagiarism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[source code]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=88</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Copyrights protect expressions of ideas, but not the ideas themselves. Software can be reverse engineered to learn the ideas it embodies without violating the copyright, as long as the code is not copied and used commercially. The first lawsuit verdict that enforced this idea was Atari Games v. Nintendo in September 1992.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Copyrights protect expressions of ideas, but not the ideas themselves. Anyone can write about two young lovers from different families and different backgrounds and not fear getting sued by the estates of William Shakespeare or Arthur Laurents or anyone who writes daytime TV movies. It is for this reason, that software can be reverse engineered to learn the ideas it embodies without violating the copyright, as long as the code is not copied and used commercially. The first lawsuit verdict that enforced this idea was Atari Games v. Nintendo in September 1992.</p>
<p>Nintendo tightly controlled access to its successful NES video game system and did not release the specifications for creating a game cartridge for the system. In order to produce a game for the system, companies had to pay a license fee to Nintendo and had to agree not to produce the licensed game for any other game system for two years. Incorporated into the Nintendo NES system was a computer program called 10NES that checked whether a particular game had been licensed. If not, the game was not allowed to run. Atari reverse engineered the 10NES program and created its own program called Rabbit for bypassing 10NES. Atari sued Nintendo for, among other things, unfair competitions and monopolistic practices. Nintendo countersued for, among other things, copyright infringement. The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the reverse engineering was perfectly legal. It also ruled that Atari infringed on Nintendo&#8217;s copyright when Atari created its own program based on Nintendo&#8217;s program. The decision by Judge Randall Rader reads as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>The district court assumed that reverse engineering (intermediate copying) was copyright infringement… This court disagrees. Atari did not violate Nintendo&#8217;s copyright by deprocessing computer chips in Atari&#8217;s rightful possession. Atari could lawfully deprocess Nintendo&#8217;s 10NES chips to learn their unprotected ideas and processes. This fair use did not give Atari more than the right to understand the 10NES program and to distinguish the protected from the unprotected elements of the 10NES program. Any copying beyond that necessary to understand the 10NES program was infringement. Atari could not use reverse engineering as an excuse to exploit commercially or otherwise misappropriate protected expression.</p></blockquote>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Key points about software copyrights</title>
		<link>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2009/08/01/key-points-about-software-copyrights/</link>
		<comments>http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/2009/08/01/key-points-about-software-copyrights/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2009 00:50:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>zeidman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[intellectual property]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[object code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software analysis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software plagiarism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[source code]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.safe-corp.biz/blog/?p=84</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[First, a copyright exists at the moment of creation. In other words, a work does not need to be published to have a copyright. The copyright does not need to be registered with the U.S. Copyright office. It is simply a right given to the person who created the work. The advantage of registering a copyright with the government is that you then have an official document proving your ownership, making it easier to win in court against someone who attempts to use your creation without your permission.]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>First, a copyright exists at the moment of creation. In other words, a work does not need to be published to have a copyright. The copyright does not need to be registered with the U.S. Copyright office. It is simply a right given to the person who created the work. The advantage of registering a copyright with the government is that you then have an official document proving your ownership, making it easier to win in court against someone who attempts to use your creation without your permission. Registration can be done any time after the work is created, but is required in order to initiate litigation. Winning a copyright infringement case in court, when the copyright is registered before the infringement took place or within 3 months of the publication of the work, can entitle you to get back your attorney fees as well as &#8220;statutory damages,&#8221; which essentially constitute financial punishment that is not based on the amount of money lost by the author due to the infringement. This is done to encourage people to register their copyrights and to deter people from stealing them.</p>
<p>As the owner of a copyright, you have the right to reproduce the work, enhance the work, distribute the work, and perform it or display it in public.</p>
<p>With software, the copyright gives protection to the source code and the binary code generated from the source code. In order to register a copyright, it is normally necessary to file a copy of the intellectual property being protected with the US Copyright Office as proof. Since most software contains valuable trade secrets (which we discuss in a later section) that would lose their value if presented to the public, the copyright office allows software source code to be submitted with major sections &#8220;redacted&#8221; or left out. In fact, only the first 25 and last 25 printed pages of source code need to be submitted, though there are no guidelines as to what constitutes &#8220;first&#8221; and &#8220;last&#8221; in something consisting of many independent files and a complex interconnect of routines.</p>
<p>Note that a copyright notice is not required in the code, except for registering the copyright.</p>
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